Author: Olivia Macor, BASc (Candidate)
Reviewed by: Dahlia Abou El Hassan, MScFN, RD
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition that affects around 1.4 million women of reproductive age in Canada. Despite being so common, many women with PCOS go undiagnosed, struggling to understand the causes, get a proper diagnosis, and manage the condition. In this guide, we'll cover what causes PCOS, how it’s diagnosed, and the best ways to manage it.
What Causes PCOS?
The exact cause of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) remains unclear, but several factors are believed to contribute. One major factor is insulin resistance, where the body produces excess insulin due to cells not responding to it properly. This can lead to increased levels of androgens, which are male hormones. Excess androgen production can disrupt ovulation and cause irregular menstrual cycles, as well as symptoms like excessive hair growth and acne. Insulin resistance may also present with dark patches of skin, weight gain, and increased appetite.
Another contributing factor is low-grade inflammation. People with PCOS often experience chronic inflammation, which can further stimulate the ovaries to produce more androgens. Genetics also play a role; a family history of PCOS can raise the risk of developing the condition.
How is PCOS Diagnosed?
Diagnosing PCOS typically involves a combination of methods, as there is no single test for the condition. Your healthcare provider may start with a discussion of your symptoms, medications, and any other medical conditions. They will also check for signs of excess hair growth, insulin resistance, and acne during a physical exam.
A pelvic exam may be performed to check your reproductive organs for any abnormalities. Blood tests can measure hormone levels and rule out other conditions that mimic PCOS. Ultrasound can also provide images of your ovaries and the lining of your uterus to help identify any abnormalities. If diagnosed with PCOS, your healthcare provider may recommend additional tests to monitor for complications.
Treatment Options for PCOS
Managing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) involves a combination of lifestyle changes and medical treatments. Adopting a healthy lifestyle can have a significant impact on managing symptoms:
Regular physical activity helps regulate blood sugar levels and reduces insulin resistance.
Stress reduction techniques like mindfulness and relaxation exercises can also improve overall well-being.
A balanced diet rich in whole foods, including fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins, supports metabolic health and can lower insulin levels.
Additionally, certain supplements, like vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids, may aid in balancing hormones and reducing inflammation.
For medical management, there are many different options:
Hormonal birth control is commonly used to regulate menstrual cycles and reduce excess androgen levels, which helps with acne and excessive hair growth.
Medications to improve insulin sensitivity, such as metformin, can help manage blood sugar levels and support ovulation.
Other medications can target androgen levels to address symptoms like acne.
For those struggling with infertility, treatments such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) may be considered.
In some cases, surgery might be an option to address ovarian cysts or other complications.
For personalized advice on managing PCOS, including how to tailor your diet and lifestyle, always consult with your healthcare provider or a registered dietitian who can help you create a plan that meets your unique needs and circumstances.
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